Single season effects of mixed-species cover crops on tomato health (cultivar Celebrity) in multi-state field trials

Cover crop use can help mitigate the deleterious effects of common cropping practices (e.g., tillage) and is, therefore, an important component of soil health maintenance. While known to be beneficial in the long-term, the short-term effects of cover crops, specifically mixed-species cover crops in organic systems are less clear. Cover crop effects on tomato productivity and disease severity were recorded over three field seasons (2010, 2011 and 2012) at sixteen field sites in three states, Maryland, New York and Ohio (MD, NY and OH), each with distinct soilborne disease pressure. Plots of five state-specific cover crop treatments were established the season prior to tomato production; the resulting plant residue was incorporated the following spring approximately four weeks before tomato planting. Total fruit yields along with early-season shoot height and fresh weight were used to compare treatment effects on productivity. Treatment disease severity ratings relied on natural inoculum. Interestingly, the effect of a single season of cover cropping on total yield was significant in no more than 25% of all site years. Similarly, cover crop effects on tomato disease levels were significant in 0–44% of the sixteen field sites. However, significant field-specific patterns were observed in every state across multiple years for some treatments. For example, in New York in 2010, tomato yields following all mixed cover crops were greater than the single rye cover crop in one field, but this pattern was reversed in the adjacent field. Thus, no general recommendation of a specific cover crop mixture can be made for near-term enhancement of tomato productivity or for reduction of disease. Therefore, growers should focus on location and operation-specific variables when choosing cover crops.     

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungivorous nematodes on the growth and arsenic uptake of tobacco in arsenic-contaminated soils

The effects of inoculation with two AM fungi (M1, Glomus caledonium; M2, Glomus spp. and Acaulospora spp.) and a fungivorous nematode Aphelenchoides sp. on growth and arsenic (As) uptake of Nicotiana tabacum L. were investigated in soils contaminated with a range of As. The reproduction of Aphelenchoides sp. was triggered by the co-inoculation of AM fungi regardless of AM fungal isolates and As levels. Stimulative effects of Aphelenchoides sp. on the development of mycorrhiza, slightly different between two AM fungi, were found particularly at the lowest As level. Irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculi, increasing soil As level decreased plant growth, but increased plant As uptake. Co-inoculation of AM fungi and Aphelenchoides sp. led plants to achieving further growth and greater As accumulation at the lowest As level. Results showed that the interactions between AM fungi and fungivorous nematodes were important in plant As tolerance and phytoextraction at low level As-polluted soil.     

凡纳滨对虾越冬亲虾黑鳃病症的初步研究

为确定越冬凡纳滨对虾亲虾黑鳃病症病因,对患病亲虾病因进行分析。结果显示,越冬后患病亲虾鳃部观察到大量线虫。虫体特征显微结构显示,雌、雄性线虫的平均体长分别为(983.6±16.69)μm和(956.9±12.14)μm,虫体表皮不均质,具有2纵列侧分化、4根头刚毛、3个口腔实齿、5个杯形肛前附器,化感器横向扁椭圆形,食道不形成食道球;经鉴定,确定该线虫隶属于色矛科(Chromadoridae)、色矛属(Chromadorella)。组织病理观察结果表明,线虫感染后亲虾鳃组织坏死、溶解,黑色素沉积,游泳足基部出现黑化层。本文报道了一种由色矛线虫引起的越冬亲虾黑鳃病症。     

应用昆虫病原线虫防治杏园桃红颈天牛

对昆虫病原线虫的３个品系，４个浓度防治杏树上的桃红颈天牛进行了研究。结果表明：线虫施用１个月的效果达５８．３％￣１００％；施用后翌年的追踪效果４／５以上的观察虫洞达１００％。经方差分析，各品系间对天牛幼虫的侵染效果无显著差异；各浓度间有差异，即３００００条／ｍｌ和４００００条／ｍｌ浓度间达到极显著差异水平（１％）；３００００条／ｍｌ和５００００条／ｍｌ间达到５％差异显著水平；４００００条／ｍｌ和５     

昆虫病原线虫对木麻黄毒蛾侵染能力的初步研究

本文报道应用昆虫病原线虫Steinernema spp.室内对木麻黄毒蛾的侵染能力。通过斯氏属九个线虫品系对木毒蛾的侵染力测定筛选出S.feltiae Agriotos为最佳品系;能寄生低、中、高龄幼虫及蛹;可在3天内把害虫致死。供试的其它八个线虫品系也能不同程度地致死害虫,并在死虫体内繁殖。S.f.Agriotos线虫的剂量对木毒蛾的致死速度及效果有影响,以1000条线虫/害虫侵染期线虫为最适宜剂量,林间对木毒蛾幼虫的致死率平均为89.6%。     

根结线虫拮抗放线菌的筛选及菌株HA10002的鉴定与活性物质分析

为了筛选获得对根结线虫具有拮抗能力的强活性放线菌菌株,并从菌株中发现新的杀线虫活性化合物,从海南东寨港红树林采集海泥样品9份,从五指山原始森林等地采集土壤样品51份,用平板稀释法对海泥和土壤样品进行分离;以南方根结线虫2龄幼虫为靶标线虫,采用24孔细胞培养板液体线虫法进行初筛和复筛;根据形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列对复筛出的活性菌株进行鉴定;菌株发酵液经溶媒萃取、硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH 20凝胶过滤和制备薄层板层析,采用活性跟踪法从中分离纯化杀线虫活性化合物;化合物经光谱及波谱分析和文献对照,进行结构鉴定。从60份样品中分离得到356株菌落形态有差异的放线菌。初筛得到16株对根结线虫校正死亡率在80%以上的菌株,复筛获得3株线虫校正死亡率在95%以上的菌株,其中分离自海泥样品中的菌株HA10002抗线虫活性最强,发酵原液的校正死亡率达100%。HA10002经鉴定为白浅灰链霉菌,从其发酵液中分离获得2个活性化合物,其中A26 3为Nocardamine,A22 1的结构正在进一步鉴定中。上述结果表明,筛选出的放线菌HA10002能合成2种以上杀根结线虫的活性代谢产物,是一株遗传稳定且具有开发潜力的活性菌株。     

The nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora in soilof the Bodega marine reserve: distribution and dependenceon nematode-parasitized moth larvae

Of the 13 nematode-trapping fungi previously detected at the Bodega Marine Reserve (BMR, Sonoma County, CA, USA), Arthrobotrys oligospora is by far the most abundant. Why A. oligospora is so abundant is unclear, but the answer may involve bush lupines (Lupinus arboreus), ghost moth larvae (Hepialus californicus), and insect-parasitic nematodes (Heterorhabditis marelatus). Previous research documented a dramatic increase of A. oligospora in BMR soil with the addition of an H. marelatus-parasitized moth larva. The current study tested two predictions based on the hypothesis that the H. marelatus-parasitized ghost moth larva is a unique and important resource for A. oligospora at BMR. First, because ghost moth larvae are concentrated in soil under bush lupines, we predicted that A. oligospora numbers would be greater under lupines than away from lupines. Second, we predicted that A. oligospora would be enhanced more by moth larvae containing living H. marelatus than by moth larvae containing dead H. marelatus or no H. marelatus or by nematodes alone. The first prediction was supported by data from a field study (A. oligospora population density was greater beneath lupines than in grasses 2 m away), but the difference was small. The second prediction was not supported by data from a laboratory experiment (dead moth larvae caused dramatic increases in A. oligospora numbers whether or not the dead moth larvae contained living nematodes). While H. marelatus are clearly unnecessary for the large increase in A. oligospora numbers, the importance of nematodes in general remains unclear because addition of dead moth larvae always resulted in large increases in bacterivorous nematodes and because addition of nematodes alone enhanced A. oligospora in one trial but not in two others.     

阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的亚致死效应以及不同方式释放该螨对根结线虫的防控效果

本研究测定了阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的亚致死浓度及其对修长蠊螨生存、繁殖发育和捕食能力的影响,并通过盆栽试验研究了以不同方式释放修长蠊螨对空心菜根结线虫病的控制效果。阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的3个亚致死浓度LC₅₀、LC₃₀和LC₁₀分别是2%的阿维菌素稀释2082倍、3760倍和8831倍。这3个亚致死剂量的阿维菌素均使修长蠊螨的生存能力、总产卵量和捕食线虫能力显著下降。修长蠊螨被LC₅₀、LC₃₀和LC₁₀ 3个亚致死浓度药液处理后,从幼螨发育至成螨时的存活率分别为对照的32.00%、46.00%和72.00%;总产卵量分别是对照的6.23%、17.58%和34.24%;处理2 d后的捕食线虫能力分别是对照的34.70%、53.06%和62.59%;但对卵的孵化率无显著影响。修长蠊螨控缓速释放和直接释放均能减少空心菜根系的根结数量和根结线虫卵囊数量,有效控制空心菜根结线虫的发生。各项防治处理30 d后,修长蠊螨直接释放处理、控缓速释放处理、修长蠊螨和阿维菌素联合施用处理以及仅施用阿维菌素处理的空心菜根际根结数量和线虫卵囊数量,分别比未防治对照处理减少28.97%和64.38%、49.97%和74.43%、81.92%和92.24%以及80.15%和92.69%。所以修长蠊螨控缓速释放的控制效果显著好于直接释放,但是修长蠊螨与阿维菌素联合施用不能提高防效。